Native American Tribes in Virginia and Powhatan the Powhatan

The Powhatan (likewise spelled Powatan and Powhaten), is the name of a Virginia Indian[1] clan. It is likewise the name of an incredible gathering of clans which they ruled. It is evaluated that there were around 14,000-21,000 of these local Powhatan individuals in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607. [2] They were otherwise called Virginia Algonquians, as they communicated in an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan.In the late sixteenth and mid seventeenth hundreds of years, a mamanatowick (principal chief)[3] named Wahunsunacawh made an incredible association by affiliating 30 tributary people groups, whose region was quite a bit of eastern Virginia, called Tsenacommacah (â€Å"densely-possessed Land†),[4] Wahunsunacawh came to be referred to by the English as â€Å"Chief Powhatan. † Each of the clans inside this association had its own weroance (boss), however totally paid tribute to Chief Powhatan. [5] After Chief Powhatan's passing in 1618, threats with pilgrims raised under the chiefdom of his sibling, Opechancanough, who looked for futile to drive off the infringing English.His enormous scope assaults in 1622 and 1644 met solid backlashes by the English, bringing about the close to end of the clan. By 1646 what is known as the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom by present day students of history had been generally obliterated. Notwithstanding the continuous clashes with the ever-growing English settlements and their occupants, the Powhatan endured a high passing rate because of irresistible infections, diseases introducted to North America by the Europeans to which the Native Americans of the United States had built up no common immunities.By this time, the pioneers of the province were edgy for work to build up the land. Practically 50% of the English and European outsiders showed up as contracted workers. As pioneer development proceeded, the homesteaders imported developing quantities of subjugated Africans for work. By 1700 the provinces had around 6,000 dark slaves, one-twelfth of the populace. It was regular for dark captives to get away and join the encompassing Powhatan; white hirelings were additionally noted to have joined the Indians.Africans and whites worked and lived respectively; a few locals likewise intermarried with them. After Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, the province oppressed Indians for control. In 1691 the House of Burgesses annulled Indian bondage; be that as it may, numerous Powhatan were held in subjugation well into the eighteenth century. [6] In the 21st century, eight Indian clans are perceived by the state as having attaches with the first Powhatan complex chiefdom. [7] The Pamunkey and Mattaponi are the main two people groups who have held reservation lands from the seventeenth century. 5] The contending societies of the Powhatan and English pilgrims were joined incidentally through the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. Their child Thomas Rolfe was the precur sor of numerous Virginians; in this manner, a considerable lot of the First Families of Virginia have both English and Virginia Indian[1] lineage. History [edit] Naming and wording The name â€Å"Powhatan† is accepted to have begun as the name of the town or town that Wahunsunacawh originated from. The official title Chief Powhatan utilized by the English is accepted to have been gotten from the name of this location.Although the particular situs of his home town is obscure, in current occasions, the Powhatan Hill neighborhood in the East End bit of the advanced city of Richmond, Virginia is thought by numerous individuals to be in the general region of the first town. Tree Hill Farm, which is arranged in close by Henrico County a short separation toward the east, is additionally considered as the conceivable site. â€Å"Powhatan† was additionally the name utilized by the locals to allude to the stream where the town sat at the head of route. The English pioneers decid ed to name it rather for their own pioneer, King James I.Many includes in the early long stretches of the Virginia Colony were named out of appreciation for the lord, just as his three youngsters, Elizabeth, Henry, and Charles. Despite the fact that parts of Virginia's longest stream upstream from Columbia were a lot later named for Queen Anne of Great Britain, in present day times, it is known as the James River. It reaches out from Hampton Roads westerly to the conversion of the Jackson River and Cowpasture River close to the town of Clifton Forge. (The Rivanna River, a tributary of the James River, and Fluvanna County, each make due as named in inheritance to Queen Anne).However, the main water body in Virginia to hold a name which respects the Powhatan people groups is Powhatan Creek, situated in James City County close Williamsburg. Powhatan County and its region seat at Powhatan, Virginia were honorific names set up years after the fact, in areas west of the territory populate d by the Powhatan people groups. The area was framed in may, 1777. [edit] Complex chiefdom Likewise, maybe progressively noteworthy misnomers are the terms â€Å"Powhatan Confederacy† and â€Å"Powhatan Confederation. This gathering of clans is obviously not best-characterized in present day terms as an alliance. That word is by and large idea of as a gathering of elements each with more noteworthy individual force than the gathering when joined together. In numerous utilizations, an alliance is particularly unique in structure from a brought together more prominent force than the parts, for example, the current government structure of the United States. Numerous history specialists credit to a minor level the disappointment of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War to some degree to the shortcoming of the focal government in contrast with the Union. It is significant for a peruser to take note of that most antiquarians don't consider this distinctio n as one of the significant shortcomings prompting the Southern misfortune. Be that as it may, the term Confederacy has become related with the head of states' privileges versus the focal U. S. government). Utilizing the word â€Å"confederacy† to characterize the Powhatan clans surviving in 1607 can in this way, be misdirecting when looking to comprehend these individuals, their administrations and their way of life. The facts demonstrate that the different clans each held some individual forces locally.Each had a boss known as a weroance (male) or, all the more once in a while, a weroansqua (female), which means â€Å"commander,† [8]. Starting at 2010, we don't know how much a large portion of the different clans had a place with the gathering by decision or maybe by intimidation or considerably more noteworthy power. As ahead of schedule as the time of John Smith of Virginia, the individual clans of this gathering were unmistakably perceived by the English as fallin g under the more noteworthy authority of the incorporated force (whatever it is marked) driven by the chiefdom of Chief Powhatan (c. June 17, 1545 †c. 1618), whose appropriate name was Wahunsenacawh or (in seventeenth century English spelling) Wahunsunacock. 9]. At the hour of the 1607 English Settlement at Jamestown, he governed essentially from Werowocomoco, which was situated on northern shore of the York River. This area of Werowocomoco, itself just rediscovered in the mid 21st century, was extremely key to areas of the different clans. The enhancements found during archeological examination at Werowocomoco have strengthened the vital chiefdom of Chief Powhatan over different clans in the force pecking order. Such issues in different societies and the definitions are secured at some length by creator Robert L.Carneiro in his 1981 work on human studies, The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. The Transition to Statehood in the New World. The focal point of intensity held by Ch ief Powhatan (and his few replacements) is significantly more compactly characterized as a â€Å"complex chiefdom. † [10] To allude to this unpredictable chiefdom, the term â€Å"Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom† has gotten supported. After some time, this and different amendments to the information and data accessible about the Powhatan people groups local to Virginia will without a doubt be made as exploration work at Werowocomoco and somewhere else proceeds in the 21st century. See additionally: Werowocomoco edit] Chief Powhatan constructs his chiefdom Wahunsunacawh had acquired authority over only six clans, however overwhelmed more than thirty when the English pioneers set up their Virginia Colony at Jamestown in 1607. The first six constituent clans in Wahunsunacock's gathering were: the Powhatan (appropriate), the Arrohateck, the Appamattuck, the Pamunkey, the Mattaponi, and the Chiskiack. He added the Kecoughtan to his overlap by 1598. Some other associated bunches incorporated the Youghtanund, Rappahannocks, Moraughtacund, Weyanoak, Paspahegh, Quiyoughcohannock, Warraskoyack, and Nansemond.Yet another firmly related clan amidst these others, all communicating in a similar language, was the Chickahominy, who figured out how to protect their self-sufficiency from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom. In his renowned work Notes on the State of Virginia (1781â€82), Thomas Jefferson evaluated that the Powhatan Confederacy involved around 8,000 square miles (20,000 km2) of region, with a populace of around 8,000 individuals, of whom 2400 were warriors. [11] Later researchers evaluated the number of inhabitants in the paramountcy[clarification needed] as 15,000. [edit] The English pioneers in the place that is known for the Powhatan John Smith taking the King of Pamunkey prisoner', a whimsical picture of Opechancanough from Smith's General History of Virginia (1624). The picture of Opechancanough depends on a 1585 work of art of another local warrior by John White[1] The Powhatan Confederacy were the Indians among whom the English made their first lasting settlement in North America. This added to their destruction. Clashes started quickly; the English pilgrims discharged shots when they showed up (because of an awful encounter they had with the Spanish preceding their appearance). Inside about fourteen days of the English appearance atJamestown, passings had happened. The pilgrims had sought after well disposed relations and had wanted to exchange with the Virginia Indians for food. Commander Christopher Newport drove the main English investigation party up the James River in 1607, when he met Parahunt, weroance of the Powhatan legitimate. The English at first mixed up him

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Essay

The Benefits of Passionflower

The Benefits of Passionflower Holistic Health Print The Benefits of Passionflower Uses, Side Effects, and More By Cathy Wong Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Caitilin Kelly, MD on November 26, 2019 Caitilin Kelly, MD, is a clinical physician at  Indiana University  Health Bloomington Hospital and is board-certified in internal medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Caitilin Kelly, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Barrett MacKay / All Canada Photos / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is a plant that grows throughout the world. In herbal medicine, passionflowers aerial parts have long been used to treat certain health conditions. Uses In alternative medicine, passionflower proponents claim the herb can help with the following:?? anxietyinsomniadrug withdrawal symptomsneuralgiaepilepsy Benefits To date, there is a lack of clinical evidence supporting any therapeutic use of passionflower. However, preliminary research suggests that passionflower shows promise in treating two health problems. 1) Anxiety In a study published in 2008, 60 patients were randomized to receive either passionflower or a placebo 90 minutes prior to surgery. Study results showed that those receiving passionflower had lower levels of anxiety, leading researchers to conclude that oral administration of passionflower may reduce anxiety without inducing sedation.?? In a systematic review published in 2007, however, the authors concluded that randomized controlled trials examining the effectiveness of passionflower for anxiety were too few to permit any conclusions to be drawn.?? A systematic review published in 2013 reached similar conclusions. It found that the studies of the effects of products containing herbal preparations of Passiflora had  crucial weaknesses, and new clinical trials should be conducted with more rigorous methodology.?? 2) Opiate Withdrawal For a 2001 study, researchers assigned 65 opiates addicts to 14 days of treatment with passionflower extract plus clonidine (a medication used to treat withdrawal symptoms) or clonidine plus placebo. Study results showed that both options were equally effective in treating the physical symptoms of withdrawal syndromes. However, the passionflower plus clonidine showed a significant superiority over clonidine alone in managing mental symptoms.?? Further such studies on passionflower for opiate withdrawal are lacking. Reviews of the use of passionflower for withdrawal that were published in 2013?? and 2015?? cite only this study and one other. It should therefore not be considered for opiate withdrawal at this time. Caveats Although passionflower is generally considered safe, incidences of the following adverse effects have been reported:?? rapid heart rhythmnauseavomitingdrowsinessdizzinessimpaired cognitive functionvasculitis Due to a lack of research, little is known about the safety of using passionflower supplements. Passionflower may also produce harmful effects when combined with certain medications and substances (including benzodiazepines, anticoagulants, and alcohol).?? Additionally, there is not enough scientific evidence to recommend the safe use of passionflower in any dose during pregnancy or breastfeeding.?? Its important to keep in mind that supplements havent been tested for safety, and dietary supplements are largely unregulated. In some cases,  the product may deliver doses that differ from the specified amount for each herb. In other cases, the product may be contaminated with other substances such as metals.  Also, the safety of supplements in  pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, and those with medical conditions or who are taking medications has not been established. Using PassionFlower for Health Due to the limited research, its too soon to recommend passionflower as a treatment for any condition.  Its also important to note that self-treating a condition and avoiding or delaying standard care may have serious consequences.  If youre considering the use of passionflower, make sure to consult your doctor first. Disclaimer: The information contained on this site is intended for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for advice, diagnosis or treatment by a licensed physician. It is not meant to cover all possible precautions, drug interactions, circumstance or adverse effects. You should seek prompt medical care for any health issues and consult your doctor before using alternative medicine or making a change to your regimen.

Communication Introduction Worksheet Essay - 725 Words

University of Phoenix Material Communication Introduction Worksheet In your own words, please answer the following questions. Each response should be written as an academic paragraph of at least 150 words. Be clear and concise, and be sure to explain your answers. If you cite any sources, use APA format. Paragraph QUESTIONS 1. WHAT IS THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION? WHAT DOES COMMUNICATION MEAN TO YOU PERSONALLY? GIVE AN EXAMPLE. (150 WORDS) Answers will vary. The text book defines communication as â€Å"social process individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment† (Turner West, 2004). However, the text also points out that everyone will have their own meaning of communication.†¦show more content†¦The field of experience within interactional communication is based on someone’s up bring and culture and how they react to a situation. Not all communications are verbal, such as slamming a door and are proven in this type of communication. Finally, transactional communication model is sending and receiving messages simultaneously. It shows that a change in one affects a change in another. The field of experience within this model overlaps and there is certain interdependency between the comments of the message (Turner West, 2004). Myth or Reality? UNDERLINE OR CIRCLE THE FOLLOWING MYTHS AND REALITIES OF COMMUNICATION. IDENTIFY WHETHER THIS IS A MYTH OR A REALITY, AND EXPLAIN WHY. 1. We communicate only when we consciously and deliberately choose to communicate. Myth Reality Even if we choose to not communicate verbally, we communicate non verbally unconsciously. 2. Words do not mean the same things to the listener as they do to the speaker. Myth Reality This is a reality because everyone interprets things in different ways and everyone has their own meaning or definition of what is being said to them. 3. We communicate primarily with words. Myth Reality We primarily communicate no-verbally. 4. 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A Controversial Issue For Australian Education - 1664 Words

NAPLAN gives measure through which governments, training powers and schools can figure out if or not youthful Australians are meeting imperative instructive outcomes. It seems that teachers are pressured into taking time out of regular curriculum in order to satisfy the demands of the National Assessment Program for Literacy and Numeracy testing, on this basis NAPLAN has proven to be a controversial issue for Australian education as testing can cause stress and a range of adverse consequences to the education experience. As mapped out by Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority, the NAPLAN program has two purposes, the first is to give data that can be utilized to enhance instructing and learning and the second is to build the responsibility of schools and instructors (ACARA,2015). NAPLAN tests individual students achievement of key capacities in Reading, Writing, Language Conventions (Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation) and Numeracy in Years 3, 5, 7 and 9 (Thomp son, 2013). It is standardised tests that mean to quantify students fundamental aptitudes in literacy and numeracy. NAPLAN also known as high-stakes testing has shifted its focus from inputs and processes to outputs and outcomes on an international educational level where the government is now more interested in the end results rather than the meaning of the test (Lingard, 2010). 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Argentina PESTLE analysis Free Essays

POLITICAL Argentina government has a strong democratic setup. In 2011, President Fernandez de Kirchner won the presidency for the second time. Her government has been successful at introducing reforms to encourage regional trade and support private sector investment, particularly for the development of the country’s infrastructure, primarily through private-public partnership. We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿Argentina PESTLE analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The government has also announced the creation of the oil planning commission, emphasizing its interest in the oil industry1. The Fernandez government is increasingly reliant on interventionist policies that fail to solve underlying structural problems and has been involved in several inflation figures manipulation and corruption charges, including a commotion with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concerning inaccurate governance indicators impairing the economic outlook and deterring investment2. This has generated public discontent raising increasing protest against the government and a rapid decline in Fernandez popularity3. Argentina foreign policies are mainly concentrated on developing regional trading relations (Mercosur and UnaSur), the country has a good partnership with the UN and has been working on improving relations with the US, with particular interest to develop the technology and science sectors. Nevertheless, relations with the UK have deteriorated following an official complaint to the UN regarding the Falkland Islands ECONOMIC Following the global financial crisis the Argentine economy has achieved a healthy recovery, predominantly through an increasing trade relationship with China, boosting substantially the country’s trade volume and generating a trading surplus5. However, the major concern for the economy is inflation and the great discrepancy of approximately 15% between official and non-governmental estimates. In addition, the government has increased regulatory intervention and thus reduced economic freedom and development. The government’s recent nationalisation of oil giant YPF owned by the Spanish Company Repsol and of the private pension funds have furthermore hindered private and foreign investment. These factors combined with high public debt levels and low foreign-exchange reserves have constrained the potential for economic growth and left the country at increased risk of recession. Argentina has a strong automotive industry. The government is aiming to attract further investments into the country’s automotive sector by lessening the regulatory framework obstacles and offering subsidies and incentives6. SOCIAL Argentina is a traditionally urban country and continues to experience high migration from rural areas. The urban centres enjoy a relatively high standard of living comparable to other Latin American countries, with notable healthcare and educational facilities. Argentina is facing the problems posed by an aging population. This is projected to affect government’s social security budgets and generate fiscal burdens. Despite a comprehensive education system restructuring and an improving primary school education system, dropout rates continue to rise sharply7. This will eventually lead to a significant increase in the proportion of unskilled workers. TECHNOLOGICAL With a strong telecommunications industry and a growing IT market, Argentina has shown significant growth in both sectors. The government has implemented plans to augment IT service penetration in rural areas. In addition, it has supported biofuel RD in an effort to preserve energy security and accelerate technological development. Argentina’s energy industry is in a deplorable state as they are now a net energy importer, eroding the country’s foreign-currency reserves9. As a result, the government has shown an increasing interest in science and technology and in the biotechnology industry. However, as a result of  inadequate investment in RD, there is a low degree of innovation resulting in a reduced number of patents granted. Moreover, the lack of respect for intellectual property rights and copyrights has exacerbated the problem. LEGAL Argentina has a comprehensive legal and regulatory structure and a federal republican representative government, where each province has its own constitution. In addition, complex and bureaucratic business regulations and strong union and government ties have resulted in wages increasing at 25-35% annual rates. Furthermore, high taxes have been detrimental to investment. For instance, income and corporate tax rates are both set at 35% added to corporate social security tax of between 23% and 27%. These additional costs place an undue burden in industry. Notwithstanding the introduction of criminal liability for money laundering offences, the judicial system requires an important overhaul to improve its effectiveness and to generate a conducive environment for new business ventures and investments. ENVIRONMENTAL Despite having a remarkable biodiversity and vast natural resources, the Argentinian government has been overexploiting its natural resources as a side effect of the rapid economic development. Increasing deforestation and the destruction of natural habitats have been accelerated by soybean cultivation and beef production11. Water and air pollution are major problems, particularly around industrial metropolitan areas. Rising concerns over environmental degradation have resulted in ambitious schemes from the government to develop renewable energy sources. The government has initiated measures to collaborate with prominent multinational organisations to develop biofuel production with particular interest in ethanol from sugarcane pulp12. Moreover, the Argentine government, in partnership with Chinese investments is constructing the largest wind power project in Latin America and is projected to provide 4% of Argentina’s power requirements. 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Osmosis and Diffusion Lab Report free essay sample

From the ancient city of Rome to the elaborate stained glass windows in France, two famous architectural works of art display the differences between architectural structures in the different time periods of history. By comparing and contrasting the Colosseum with the Chartres Cathedral we can gain an understanding of how architecture has not only improved throughout time, but also where certain architectural concepts started. Although the two structures were built over 1,100 years apart they still share similar architectural characteristics and explanations for why these similarities and differences exist. The construction of the Colosseum began in 72 CE and finished in 80 CE, in Rome, Italy. Sharing similar iconography with Chartres Cathedral, built between 1194-1250 CE in France, both the Colosseum and Cathedral practice the use of groin vaults. The Colosseum consists of 80 barrel vaults along each level of the structure and when they intersect and the barrel ring they create groin vaults which are also used in the Cathedral. Although both structures use groin vaults, Chartres Cathedral differs from the Colosseum by using a different type of groin vault, which is referred to as a rib vault. A rib vault uses extra masonry, known as ribs, that are used to reinforce the groins of the cathedral but can also be purely decorative. 1 In addition to the differing vaults, the Colosseum also lacks any type of glass, or stained glass in its design, unlike Chartres Cathedral that contains 135 different stained glass windows that are used to tell narratives. The Colosseums barrel vaults also lack a tympanum at the top of the arches unlike the Cathedral which has tympanums along the tops of the arches on the west facade or Royal Portal. Engaged columns are used to support the friezes between the levels of the Colosseum 1 Michael W. Cothern and Marilyn Stokstad, Art: A Brief History, 4th ed. , (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2010), 661. 2 and also support the entire structure in order to create multiple levels. Chartres Cathedral also uses columns, but these are more for decoration than support. Columns used in the cathedral are more decorative due to the jamb statues along the exterior of the column and flying buttresses are added for support. In addition to jamb statues adding decoration to the cathedral, pinnacles and finials are placed along the structure to add more decoration to the exterior of the cathedral. The colosseum lacks both flying buttresses for support and pinnacles for decoration. The functions of the Colosseum and Chartres Cathedral are alike because they were both used to hold large crowds of people and often times could act as a plaza. In addition to their likeness in crowd gathering, both the structures tower over their cities and can be seen for miles within their cities. Although both supported large crowds of people, the reasons the people were gathering differed. The Colosseums primary function was built for the purpose of athletic games consisting of gladiators and wild animals. These matches lasted 100 days and an average of 9,000 wild animals died as well as 2,000 gladiators within this time frame. People gathered for pure enjoyment as opposed to the cathedral which was a place built for religious purposes consisting of chapels and religious artwork among the building. The cathedral could at times could also be used as a marketplace. In terms of their formal content, both the Colosseum and Chartes contain three different levels. In most gothic churches, three-story elevation occurs with a triforium between the nave arcade and a clerestory. The Colosseum’s three levels use a different architectural order and the decoration becomes more elaborate with each level, because the less weight that needs to be supported the more decorative the architect can be. The ground level of the Colosseum uses an 2 Cothern and Stokstad, Art: A Brief History, 278. 3 architectural order similar to the Greek doric order known as the Tuscan order, which is surrounded by co lumns. The second level is done in the ionic order and the third level is in the Corinthian order. The fourth level consists of flat Corinthian pilasters which are used for decoration only and have contain no support for another level. Although the different levels are not created in the same architectural order, they are however similar with their emphasis on the number three. Both the Colosseum and Chartres Cathedral also contain facades but the Colosseum does not refer to its facade as a west facade and doesn’t differ from the other sides of the structure extremely. The cathdedral, however, contains a west facade that is much more elaborate than the rest of the already elaborate building. It contains arches with tympanums, jamb statues along the columns, lancets, a huge stained glass window, gables, and is considered the front side of the cathedral with tall pinnacles and finials to bring more attention to the facade. The most obvious difference in the formal content between the Colosseum and Chartres Cathedral is the shape of the building. The Colosseum is in the shape of a rotunda which differs from the cathedrals rectangular crossing shape. The Colosseum and the cathedral both use the same techniques in their portal openings, but differ in the amount of decoration used for each and the number of portals on each side of the structure. The portal openings on the Colosseum heavily outweight the cathedrals in number, but they are less elaborately decorated than the Colosseum. In terms of the the materials, the Colosseum’s basement is made of concrete and encased in a deep trench. The upper part of the arena is made of brick-faced concrete to help with the draining of water since the arena is open. Chartres Cathedral is made of materials like stone, wood, stained glass, etc and is closed on top. 4 Both the Colosseum and the cathedral work with the human figure in terms of statues but the Colosseum’s figures are freestanding statues in the fornices unlike the jamb statues that are attached to the columns of the west royal portal on Chartres Cathedral. Previously stated that the Colosseum lacks stained glass windows, it also lacks the narratives that go along with the ones in Chartres Cathedral. Each panel of the stained glass windows tell a different narrative of the bible, involving hundreds of two-dimensional figures. These figures portray the tales of the saints and bibilical figures whereas the Colosseum’s figures portray gods and heroes of the Roman culture. Aside from the similarities and the differences seen with the naked eye in the architectural work itself, there are also similarities and differences in the cultural ideals and values that help explain why these similarities and differences exist. Both the roman era and the gothic era place an importance on the historical figures within their different cultures. Each have placed an emphasis on important figures throughout their history by portraying their accomplishments or persona through sculpture or stained glass. Although the Colosseum’s figures which are based on warriors, athletes, and gods, differ from Chartres Cathedral which is based on bibilical characters and God, both cultures do place importance on some type of God or gods. This decision on what is more important in the culture reveals the religious and philosophical beliefs of the two cultures. By choosing to portray roman atheletes and warriors in the same manner and frequency as the roman gods this shows that the roman culture’s religious beliefs are just as important to them as their belief in their people as well. To the christians who built the cathedral, warriors and atheletes are not mentioned and the emphasis is on Christ and 5 the saints that he is surrounded by showing that their culture believes that God and the saints are above all people. Social and political factors play a key role in the development of the Colosseum because the Romans were huge sports fans leading to the building of the arena. This extreme interest in the kind of sporting events held in the Colosseum, are a direct result of the culture’s crusading and fighitng spirit. The people who helped built the Chartres Cathedral were christian people who were proud of it and voluntarily gathered materials and banned together to help rebuild the city and cathedral after the fire, showing that socially the culture banned together under God. 3 Economic and Technological Conditions that explain the imilarities and differences in the structures are directly related to the amount of time between the building of the works. The need for a trench system to eliminate water from the Colosseum was due to the open arena and the lack of technology that was used in Chartres Cathedral where the shape of the crossings and transepts allowed the water to slide down the st ructure as opposed to pool up in the bottom of it. The additon of the flying buttresses also gave the cathedral more support and allowed for the build up of the structure whereas the Colosseum did not have flying buttresses and could only go up so high.