Native American Tribes in Virginia and Powhatan the Powhatan

The Powhatan (likewise spelled Powatan and Powhaten), is the name of a Virginia Indian[1] clan. It is likewise the name of an incredible gathering of clans which they ruled. It is evaluated that there were around 14,000-21,000 of these local Powhatan individuals in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607. [2] They were otherwise called Virginia Algonquians, as they communicated in an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan.In the late sixteenth and mid seventeenth hundreds of years, a mamanatowick (principal chief)[3] named Wahunsunacawh made an incredible association by affiliating 30 tributary people groups, whose region was quite a bit of eastern Virginia, called Tsenacommacah (â€Å"densely-possessed Land†),[4] Wahunsunacawh came to be referred to by the English as â€Å"Chief Powhatan. † Each of the clans inside this association had its own weroance (boss), however totally paid tribute to Chief Powhatan. [5] After Chief Powhatan's passing in 1618, threats with pilgrims raised under the chiefdom of his sibling, Opechancanough, who looked for futile to drive off the infringing English.His enormous scope assaults in 1622 and 1644 met solid backlashes by the English, bringing about the close to end of the clan. By 1646 what is known as the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom by present day students of history had been generally obliterated. Notwithstanding the continuous clashes with the ever-growing English settlements and their occupants, the Powhatan endured a high passing rate because of irresistible infections, diseases introducted to North America by the Europeans to which the Native Americans of the United States had built up no common immunities.By this time, the pioneers of the province were edgy for work to build up the land. Practically 50% of the English and European outsiders showed up as contracted workers. As pioneer development proceeded, the homesteaders imported developing quantities of subjugated Africans for work. By 1700 the provinces had around 6,000 dark slaves, one-twelfth of the populace. It was regular for dark captives to get away and join the encompassing Powhatan; white hirelings were additionally noted to have joined the Indians.Africans and whites worked and lived respectively; a few locals likewise intermarried with them. After Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, the province oppressed Indians for control. In 1691 the House of Burgesses annulled Indian bondage; be that as it may, numerous Powhatan were held in subjugation well into the eighteenth century. [6] In the 21st century, eight Indian clans are perceived by the state as having attaches with the first Powhatan complex chiefdom. [7] The Pamunkey and Mattaponi are the main two people groups who have held reservation lands from the seventeenth century. 5] The contending societies of the Powhatan and English pilgrims were joined incidentally through the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. Their child Thomas Rolfe was the precur sor of numerous Virginians; in this manner, a considerable lot of the First Families of Virginia have both English and Virginia Indian[1] lineage. History [edit] Naming and wording The name â€Å"Powhatan† is accepted to have begun as the name of the town or town that Wahunsunacawh originated from. The official title Chief Powhatan utilized by the English is accepted to have been gotten from the name of this location.Although the particular situs of his home town is obscure, in current occasions, the Powhatan Hill neighborhood in the East End bit of the advanced city of Richmond, Virginia is thought by numerous individuals to be in the general region of the first town. Tree Hill Farm, which is arranged in close by Henrico County a short separation toward the east, is additionally considered as the conceivable site. â€Å"Powhatan† was additionally the name utilized by the locals to allude to the stream where the town sat at the head of route. The English pioneers decid ed to name it rather for their own pioneer, King James I.Many includes in the early long stretches of the Virginia Colony were named out of appreciation for the lord, just as his three youngsters, Elizabeth, Henry, and Charles. Despite the fact that parts of Virginia's longest stream upstream from Columbia were a lot later named for Queen Anne of Great Britain, in present day times, it is known as the James River. It reaches out from Hampton Roads westerly to the conversion of the Jackson River and Cowpasture River close to the town of Clifton Forge. (The Rivanna River, a tributary of the James River, and Fluvanna County, each make due as named in inheritance to Queen Anne).However, the main water body in Virginia to hold a name which respects the Powhatan people groups is Powhatan Creek, situated in James City County close Williamsburg. Powhatan County and its region seat at Powhatan, Virginia were honorific names set up years after the fact, in areas west of the territory populate d by the Powhatan people groups. The area was framed in may, 1777. [edit] Complex chiefdom Likewise, maybe progressively noteworthy misnomers are the terms â€Å"Powhatan Confederacy† and â€Å"Powhatan Confederation. This gathering of clans is obviously not best-characterized in present day terms as an alliance. That word is by and large idea of as a gathering of elements each with more noteworthy individual force than the gathering when joined together. In numerous utilizations, an alliance is particularly unique in structure from a brought together more prominent force than the parts, for example, the current government structure of the United States. Numerous history specialists credit to a minor level the disappointment of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War to some degree to the shortcoming of the focal government in contrast with the Union. It is significant for a peruser to take note of that most antiquarians don't consider this distinctio n as one of the significant shortcomings prompting the Southern misfortune. Be that as it may, the term Confederacy has become related with the head of states' privileges versus the focal U. S. government). Utilizing the word â€Å"confederacy† to characterize the Powhatan clans surviving in 1607 can in this way, be misdirecting when looking to comprehend these individuals, their administrations and their way of life. The facts demonstrate that the different clans each held some individual forces locally.Each had a boss known as a weroance (male) or, all the more once in a while, a weroansqua (female), which means â€Å"commander,† [8]. Starting at 2010, we don't know how much a large portion of the different clans had a place with the gathering by decision or maybe by intimidation or considerably more noteworthy power. As ahead of schedule as the time of John Smith of Virginia, the individual clans of this gathering were unmistakably perceived by the English as fallin g under the more noteworthy authority of the incorporated force (whatever it is marked) driven by the chiefdom of Chief Powhatan (c. June 17, 1545 †c. 1618), whose appropriate name was Wahunsenacawh or (in seventeenth century English spelling) Wahunsunacock. 9]. At the hour of the 1607 English Settlement at Jamestown, he governed essentially from Werowocomoco, which was situated on northern shore of the York River. This area of Werowocomoco, itself just rediscovered in the mid 21st century, was extremely key to areas of the different clans. The enhancements found during archeological examination at Werowocomoco have strengthened the vital chiefdom of Chief Powhatan over different clans in the force pecking order. Such issues in different societies and the definitions are secured at some length by creator Robert L.Carneiro in his 1981 work on human studies, The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. The Transition to Statehood in the New World. The focal point of intensity held by Ch ief Powhatan (and his few replacements) is significantly more compactly characterized as a â€Å"complex chiefdom. † [10] To allude to this unpredictable chiefdom, the term â€Å"Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom† has gotten supported. After some time, this and different amendments to the information and data accessible about the Powhatan people groups local to Virginia will without a doubt be made as exploration work at Werowocomoco and somewhere else proceeds in the 21st century. See additionally: Werowocomoco edit] Chief Powhatan constructs his chiefdom Wahunsunacawh had acquired authority over only six clans, however overwhelmed more than thirty when the English pioneers set up their Virginia Colony at Jamestown in 1607. The first six constituent clans in Wahunsunacock's gathering were: the Powhatan (appropriate), the Arrohateck, the Appamattuck, the Pamunkey, the Mattaponi, and the Chiskiack. He added the Kecoughtan to his overlap by 1598. Some other associated bunches incorporated the Youghtanund, Rappahannocks, Moraughtacund, Weyanoak, Paspahegh, Quiyoughcohannock, Warraskoyack, and Nansemond.Yet another firmly related clan amidst these others, all communicating in a similar language, was the Chickahominy, who figured out how to protect their self-sufficiency from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom. In his renowned work Notes on the State of Virginia (1781â€82), Thomas Jefferson evaluated that the Powhatan Confederacy involved around 8,000 square miles (20,000 km2) of region, with a populace of around 8,000 individuals, of whom 2400 were warriors. [11] Later researchers evaluated the number of inhabitants in the paramountcy[clarification needed] as 15,000. [edit] The English pioneers in the place that is known for the Powhatan John Smith taking the King of Pamunkey prisoner', a whimsical picture of Opechancanough from Smith's General History of Virginia (1624). The picture of Opechancanough depends on a 1585 work of art of another local warrior by John White[1] The Powhatan Confederacy were the Indians among whom the English made their first lasting settlement in North America. This added to their destruction. Clashes started quickly; the English pilgrims discharged shots when they showed up (because of an awful encounter they had with the Spanish preceding their appearance). Inside about fourteen days of the English appearance atJamestown, passings had happened. The pilgrims had sought after well disposed relations and had wanted to exchange with the Virginia Indians for food. Commander Christopher Newport drove the main English investigation party up the James River in 1607, when he met Parahunt, weroance of the Powhatan legitimate. The English at first mixed up him

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Essay

The Benefits of Passionflower

The Benefits of Passionflower Holistic Health Print The Benefits of Passionflower Uses, Side Effects, and More By Cathy Wong Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Caitilin Kelly, MD on November 26, 2019 Caitilin Kelly, MD, is a clinical physician at  Indiana University  Health Bloomington Hospital and is board-certified in internal medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Caitilin Kelly, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Barrett MacKay / All Canada Photos / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is a plant that grows throughout the world. In herbal medicine, passionflowers aerial parts have long been used to treat certain health conditions. Uses In alternative medicine, passionflower proponents claim the herb can help with the following:?? anxietyinsomniadrug withdrawal symptomsneuralgiaepilepsy Benefits To date, there is a lack of clinical evidence supporting any therapeutic use of passionflower. However, preliminary research suggests that passionflower shows promise in treating two health problems. 1) Anxiety In a study published in 2008, 60 patients were randomized to receive either passionflower or a placebo 90 minutes prior to surgery. Study results showed that those receiving passionflower had lower levels of anxiety, leading researchers to conclude that oral administration of passionflower may reduce anxiety without inducing sedation.?? In a systematic review published in 2007, however, the authors concluded that randomized controlled trials examining the effectiveness of passionflower for anxiety were too few to permit any conclusions to be drawn.?? A systematic review published in 2013 reached similar conclusions. It found that the studies of the effects of products containing herbal preparations of Passiflora had  crucial weaknesses, and new clinical trials should be conducted with more rigorous methodology.?? 2) Opiate Withdrawal For a 2001 study, researchers assigned 65 opiates addicts to 14 days of treatment with passionflower extract plus clonidine (a medication used to treat withdrawal symptoms) or clonidine plus placebo. Study results showed that both options were equally effective in treating the physical symptoms of withdrawal syndromes. However, the passionflower plus clonidine showed a significant superiority over clonidine alone in managing mental symptoms.?? Further such studies on passionflower for opiate withdrawal are lacking. Reviews of the use of passionflower for withdrawal that were published in 2013?? and 2015?? cite only this study and one other. It should therefore not be considered for opiate withdrawal at this time. Caveats Although passionflower is generally considered safe, incidences of the following adverse effects have been reported:?? rapid heart rhythmnauseavomitingdrowsinessdizzinessimpaired cognitive functionvasculitis Due to a lack of research, little is known about the safety of using passionflower supplements. Passionflower may also produce harmful effects when combined with certain medications and substances (including benzodiazepines, anticoagulants, and alcohol).?? Additionally, there is not enough scientific evidence to recommend the safe use of passionflower in any dose during pregnancy or breastfeeding.?? Its important to keep in mind that supplements havent been tested for safety, and dietary supplements are largely unregulated. In some cases,  the product may deliver doses that differ from the specified amount for each herb. In other cases, the product may be contaminated with other substances such as metals.  Also, the safety of supplements in  pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, and those with medical conditions or who are taking medications has not been established. Using PassionFlower for Health Due to the limited research, its too soon to recommend passionflower as a treatment for any condition.  Its also important to note that self-treating a condition and avoiding or delaying standard care may have serious consequences.  If youre considering the use of passionflower, make sure to consult your doctor first. Disclaimer: The information contained on this site is intended for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for advice, diagnosis or treatment by a licensed physician. It is not meant to cover all possible precautions, drug interactions, circumstance or adverse effects. You should seek prompt medical care for any health issues and consult your doctor before using alternative medicine or making a change to your regimen.

Communication Introduction Worksheet Essay - 725 Words

University of Phoenix Material Communication Introduction Worksheet In your own words, please answer the following questions. Each response should be written as an academic paragraph of at least 150 words. Be clear and concise, and be sure to explain your answers. If you cite any sources, use APA format. Paragraph QUESTIONS 1. WHAT IS THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION? WHAT DOES COMMUNICATION MEAN TO YOU PERSONALLY? GIVE AN EXAMPLE. (150 WORDS) Answers will vary. The text book defines communication as â€Å"social process individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment† (Turner West, 2004). However, the text also points out that everyone will have their own meaning of communication.†¦show more content†¦The field of experience within interactional communication is based on someone’s up bring and culture and how they react to a situation. Not all communications are verbal, such as slamming a door and are proven in this type of communication. Finally, transactional communication model is sending and receiving messages simultaneously. It shows that a change in one affects a change in another. The field of experience within this model overlaps and there is certain interdependency between the comments of the message (Turner West, 2004). Myth or Reality? UNDERLINE OR CIRCLE THE FOLLOWING MYTHS AND REALITIES OF COMMUNICATION. IDENTIFY WHETHER THIS IS A MYTH OR A REALITY, AND EXPLAIN WHY. 1. We communicate only when we consciously and deliberately choose to communicate. Myth Reality Even if we choose to not communicate verbally, we communicate non verbally unconsciously. 2. Words do not mean the same things to the listener as they do to the speaker. Myth Reality This is a reality because everyone interprets things in different ways and everyone has their own meaning or definition of what is being said to them. 3. We communicate primarily with words. Myth Reality We primarily communicate no-verbally. 4. 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A Controversial Issue For Australian Education - 1664 Words

NAPLAN gives measure through which governments, training powers and schools can figure out if or not youthful Australians are meeting imperative instructive outcomes. It seems that teachers are pressured into taking time out of regular curriculum in order to satisfy the demands of the National Assessment Program for Literacy and Numeracy testing, on this basis NAPLAN has proven to be a controversial issue for Australian education as testing can cause stress and a range of adverse consequences to the education experience. As mapped out by Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority, the NAPLAN program has two purposes, the first is to give data that can be utilized to enhance instructing and learning and the second is to build the responsibility of schools and instructors (ACARA,2015). NAPLAN tests individual students achievement of key capacities in Reading, Writing, Language Conventions (Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation) and Numeracy in Years 3, 5, 7 and 9 (Thomp son, 2013). It is standardised tests that mean to quantify students fundamental aptitudes in literacy and numeracy. NAPLAN also known as high-stakes testing has shifted its focus from inputs and processes to outputs and outcomes on an international educational level where the government is now more interested in the end results rather than the meaning of the test (Lingard, 2010). 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Argentina PESTLE analysis Free Essays

POLITICAL Argentina government has a strong democratic setup. In 2011, President Fernandez de Kirchner won the presidency for the second time. Her government has been successful at introducing reforms to encourage regional trade and support private sector investment, particularly for the development of the country’s infrastructure, primarily through private-public partnership. We will write a custom essay sample on ï » ¿Argentina PESTLE analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The government has also announced the creation of the oil planning commission, emphasizing its interest in the oil industry1. The Fernandez government is increasingly reliant on interventionist policies that fail to solve underlying structural problems and has been involved in several inflation figures manipulation and corruption charges, including a commotion with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concerning inaccurate governance indicators impairing the economic outlook and deterring investment2. This has generated public discontent raising increasing protest against the government and a rapid decline in Fernandez popularity3. Argentina foreign policies are mainly concentrated on developing regional trading relations (Mercosur and UnaSur), the country has a good partnership with the UN and has been working on improving relations with the US, with particular interest to develop the technology and science sectors. Nevertheless, relations with the UK have deteriorated following an official complaint to the UN regarding the Falkland Islands ECONOMIC Following the global financial crisis the Argentine economy has achieved a healthy recovery, predominantly through an increasing trade relationship with China, boosting substantially the country’s trade volume and generating a trading surplus5. However, the major concern for the economy is inflation and the great discrepancy of approximately 15% between official and non-governmental estimates. In addition, the government has increased regulatory intervention and thus reduced economic freedom and development. The government’s recent nationalisation of oil giant YPF owned by the Spanish Company Repsol and of the private pension funds have furthermore hindered private and foreign investment. These factors combined with high public debt levels and low foreign-exchange reserves have constrained the potential for economic growth and left the country at increased risk of recession. Argentina has a strong automotive industry. The government is aiming to attract further investments into the country’s automotive sector by lessening the regulatory framework obstacles and offering subsidies and incentives6. SOCIAL Argentina is a traditionally urban country and continues to experience high migration from rural areas. The urban centres enjoy a relatively high standard of living comparable to other Latin American countries, with notable healthcare and educational facilities. Argentina is facing the problems posed by an aging population. This is projected to affect government’s social security budgets and generate fiscal burdens. Despite a comprehensive education system restructuring and an improving primary school education system, dropout rates continue to rise sharply7. This will eventually lead to a significant increase in the proportion of unskilled workers. TECHNOLOGICAL With a strong telecommunications industry and a growing IT market, Argentina has shown significant growth in both sectors. The government has implemented plans to augment IT service penetration in rural areas. In addition, it has supported biofuel RD in an effort to preserve energy security and accelerate technological development. Argentina’s energy industry is in a deplorable state as they are now a net energy importer, eroding the country’s foreign-currency reserves9. As a result, the government has shown an increasing interest in science and technology and in the biotechnology industry. However, as a result of  inadequate investment in RD, there is a low degree of innovation resulting in a reduced number of patents granted. Moreover, the lack of respect for intellectual property rights and copyrights has exacerbated the problem. LEGAL Argentina has a comprehensive legal and regulatory structure and a federal republican representative government, where each province has its own constitution. In addition, complex and bureaucratic business regulations and strong union and government ties have resulted in wages increasing at 25-35% annual rates. Furthermore, high taxes have been detrimental to investment. For instance, income and corporate tax rates are both set at 35% added to corporate social security tax of between 23% and 27%. These additional costs place an undue burden in industry. Notwithstanding the introduction of criminal liability for money laundering offences, the judicial system requires an important overhaul to improve its effectiveness and to generate a conducive environment for new business ventures and investments. ENVIRONMENTAL Despite having a remarkable biodiversity and vast natural resources, the Argentinian government has been overexploiting its natural resources as a side effect of the rapid economic development. Increasing deforestation and the destruction of natural habitats have been accelerated by soybean cultivation and beef production11. Water and air pollution are major problems, particularly around industrial metropolitan areas. Rising concerns over environmental degradation have resulted in ambitious schemes from the government to develop renewable energy sources. The government has initiated measures to collaborate with prominent multinational organisations to develop biofuel production with particular interest in ethanol from sugarcane pulp12. Moreover, the Argentine government, in partnership with Chinese investments is constructing the largest wind power project in Latin America and is projected to provide 4% of Argentina’s power requirements. 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Osmosis and Diffusion Lab Report free essay sample

From the ancient city of Rome to the elaborate stained glass windows in France, two famous architectural works of art display the differences between architectural structures in the different time periods of history. By comparing and contrasting the Colosseum with the Chartres Cathedral we can gain an understanding of how architecture has not only improved throughout time, but also where certain architectural concepts started. Although the two structures were built over 1,100 years apart they still share similar architectural characteristics and explanations for why these similarities and differences exist. The construction of the Colosseum began in 72 CE and finished in 80 CE, in Rome, Italy. Sharing similar iconography with Chartres Cathedral, built between 1194-1250 CE in France, both the Colosseum and Cathedral practice the use of groin vaults. The Colosseum consists of 80 barrel vaults along each level of the structure and when they intersect and the barrel ring they create groin vaults which are also used in the Cathedral. Although both structures use groin vaults, Chartres Cathedral differs from the Colosseum by using a different type of groin vault, which is referred to as a rib vault. A rib vault uses extra masonry, known as ribs, that are used to reinforce the groins of the cathedral but can also be purely decorative. 1 In addition to the differing vaults, the Colosseum also lacks any type of glass, or stained glass in its design, unlike Chartres Cathedral that contains 135 different stained glass windows that are used to tell narratives. The Colosseums barrel vaults also lack a tympanum at the top of the arches unlike the Cathedral which has tympanums along the tops of the arches on the west facade or Royal Portal. Engaged columns are used to support the friezes between the levels of the Colosseum 1 Michael W. Cothern and Marilyn Stokstad, Art: A Brief History, 4th ed. , (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2010), 661. 2 and also support the entire structure in order to create multiple levels. Chartres Cathedral also uses columns, but these are more for decoration than support. Columns used in the cathedral are more decorative due to the jamb statues along the exterior of the column and flying buttresses are added for support. In addition to jamb statues adding decoration to the cathedral, pinnacles and finials are placed along the structure to add more decoration to the exterior of the cathedral. The colosseum lacks both flying buttresses for support and pinnacles for decoration. The functions of the Colosseum and Chartres Cathedral are alike because they were both used to hold large crowds of people and often times could act as a plaza. In addition to their likeness in crowd gathering, both the structures tower over their cities and can be seen for miles within their cities. Although both supported large crowds of people, the reasons the people were gathering differed. The Colosseums primary function was built for the purpose of athletic games consisting of gladiators and wild animals. These matches lasted 100 days and an average of 9,000 wild animals died as well as 2,000 gladiators within this time frame. People gathered for pure enjoyment as opposed to the cathedral which was a place built for religious purposes consisting of chapels and religious artwork among the building. The cathedral could at times could also be used as a marketplace. In terms of their formal content, both the Colosseum and Chartes contain three different levels. In most gothic churches, three-story elevation occurs with a triforium between the nave arcade and a clerestory. The Colosseum’s three levels use a different architectural order and the decoration becomes more elaborate with each level, because the less weight that needs to be supported the more decorative the architect can be. The ground level of the Colosseum uses an 2 Cothern and Stokstad, Art: A Brief History, 278. 3 architectural order similar to the Greek doric order known as the Tuscan order, which is surrounded by co lumns. The second level is done in the ionic order and the third level is in the Corinthian order. The fourth level consists of flat Corinthian pilasters which are used for decoration only and have contain no support for another level. Although the different levels are not created in the same architectural order, they are however similar with their emphasis on the number three. Both the Colosseum and Chartres Cathedral also contain facades but the Colosseum does not refer to its facade as a west facade and doesn’t differ from the other sides of the structure extremely. The cathdedral, however, contains a west facade that is much more elaborate than the rest of the already elaborate building. It contains arches with tympanums, jamb statues along the columns, lancets, a huge stained glass window, gables, and is considered the front side of the cathedral with tall pinnacles and finials to bring more attention to the facade. The most obvious difference in the formal content between the Colosseum and Chartres Cathedral is the shape of the building. The Colosseum is in the shape of a rotunda which differs from the cathedrals rectangular crossing shape. The Colosseum and the cathedral both use the same techniques in their portal openings, but differ in the amount of decoration used for each and the number of portals on each side of the structure. The portal openings on the Colosseum heavily outweight the cathedrals in number, but they are less elaborately decorated than the Colosseum. In terms of the the materials, the Colosseum’s basement is made of concrete and encased in a deep trench. The upper part of the arena is made of brick-faced concrete to help with the draining of water since the arena is open. Chartres Cathedral is made of materials like stone, wood, stained glass, etc and is closed on top. 4 Both the Colosseum and the cathedral work with the human figure in terms of statues but the Colosseum’s figures are freestanding statues in the fornices unlike the jamb statues that are attached to the columns of the west royal portal on Chartres Cathedral. Previously stated that the Colosseum lacks stained glass windows, it also lacks the narratives that go along with the ones in Chartres Cathedral. Each panel of the stained glass windows tell a different narrative of the bible, involving hundreds of two-dimensional figures. These figures portray the tales of the saints and bibilical figures whereas the Colosseum’s figures portray gods and heroes of the Roman culture. Aside from the similarities and the differences seen with the naked eye in the architectural work itself, there are also similarities and differences in the cultural ideals and values that help explain why these similarities and differences exist. Both the roman era and the gothic era place an importance on the historical figures within their different cultures. Each have placed an emphasis on important figures throughout their history by portraying their accomplishments or persona through sculpture or stained glass. Although the Colosseum’s figures which are based on warriors, athletes, and gods, differ from Chartres Cathedral which is based on bibilical characters and God, both cultures do place importance on some type of God or gods. This decision on what is more important in the culture reveals the religious and philosophical beliefs of the two cultures. By choosing to portray roman atheletes and warriors in the same manner and frequency as the roman gods this shows that the roman culture’s religious beliefs are just as important to them as their belief in their people as well. To the christians who built the cathedral, warriors and atheletes are not mentioned and the emphasis is on Christ and 5 the saints that he is surrounded by showing that their culture believes that God and the saints are above all people. Social and political factors play a key role in the development of the Colosseum because the Romans were huge sports fans leading to the building of the arena. This extreme interest in the kind of sporting events held in the Colosseum, are a direct result of the culture’s crusading and fighitng spirit. The people who helped built the Chartres Cathedral were christian people who were proud of it and voluntarily gathered materials and banned together to help rebuild the city and cathedral after the fire, showing that socially the culture banned together under God. 3 Economic and Technological Conditions that explain the imilarities and differences in the structures are directly related to the amount of time between the building of the works. The need for a trench system to eliminate water from the Colosseum was due to the open arena and the lack of technology that was used in Chartres Cathedral where the shape of the crossings and transepts allowed the water to slide down the st ructure as opposed to pool up in the bottom of it. The additon of the flying buttresses also gave the cathedral more support and allowed for the build up of the structure whereas the Colosseum did not have flying buttresses and could only go up so high.

French Government Essays - Decentralization, Local Government

French Government The modern French government is run very much like the government of the United States. France is a democratic republic that is divided into three branches, the Executive branch, the Legislative branch, and the Judicial branch. The Legislative branch is made up of the Parliament, which like the United States Congress, is divided into two houses. Those being the Senate and the National Assembly. The National Assembly has 577 members and is the more powerful of the two houses, while the Senate has 319 members in this somewhat less influential house. This branch is in charge of passing and repealing laws. The Judicial branch is in charge of the courts, and criminal trials. As in the United States there is the Executive branch, which is headed by the President and Prime Minister. This branch is in charge of carrying out laws and bills passed by the parliament. The French government is quite unique, in that during times of a national emergency, such as a war, the President of France has the authority to assume almost complete power. The Local government is divided into twenty-two regions, that are further divided into ninety-five departements, which are again divided into smaller arrondissements which are then divided into communes. There are approximately 36,500 communes in France. The communes are run by mayors appointed by local municipal councils. An interesting fact about the French government, is that we get the expressionsof a left-wing party and a right-wing party from the French Revolution, because at the National Assembly, the radicals would sit on the left, and the conservatives on the right.

A critical examination of the antecedents and efficacy of Social Services interventions for West African ‘looked after’ children in South London. The WritePass Journal

A critical examination of the antecedents and efficacy of Social Services interventions for West African ‘looked after’ children in South London. Rationale behind the Study A critical examination of the antecedents and efficacy of Social Services interventions for West African ‘looked after’ children in South London. Rationale behind the StudyGuiding Research QuestionsBenefits of the ResearchMethods and ProceduresReferencesRelated Rationale behind the Study The proposed research will investigate Social Service interventions for looked after West African children in South London. I work in an ethically diverse comprehensive school in London, and have witnessed an increase in minority ethnic looked after children in recent years. One challenging task for Social Services is to provide interventions for such children. This study aims to investigate the effect of Social Services interventions on West African looked after children, and provide suggestions why such children may be taken in to care by drawing on existing models of parenting. Furthermore,   supplemented by a review of relevant published literature, it will suggest a number of factors which may account for any disproportionality in terms of gender. The final element of the research will take a critical look at how the school environment supports looked after children. Insignificant data are available on the experiences of immigrants and ethnic minorities in post-war Europe, which is referred to as a †puzzling and disturbing silence† (Myers, 2009:). Bryan (2009) exclaimed that whilst immigration has contributed to economic, social, and political changes, there is an enormous paucity of published research on the topic. The sparse literature that is available is limited to descriptive accounts of policies designed to increase integration (Myers, 2009). In the UK, such lack of research hinders our understanding of the relative importance of education for immigrants and their children. Little is known about how well immigrants and their children settle in to their new environment, let alone how effectively education meets their needs. It has been noted that the changes in policy are based on empirical evidence, and as a result, the resultant policy does not addressing the most important issue; the promotion of multi-culturalism. Sociologist Paul Gilroy commented on an urgent need to â€Å"step boldly back into the past, discover the boundaries of the postcolonial present, and enlist Europe’s largely untapped heterological and imperial histories in the urgent service of its Contemporary multicultural and its future pluralism† (Gilroy, quoted in Myers, 2009: 15). Furthermore, because of the limited research on the issues surrounding immigration, ethnic minority communities have been conceived as a social problem, to be solved via policies with the aim of integration (Myers, 2009). Bryan (2009) suggests such well intentioned but poorly conceived policies may actually perpetuate inequality. In this context, it is clear that policies and interventions must be based on a clear understanding of those they purport to support, and it is this rationale that underpins this study. Barn (2006) noted that the capacity of social workers to deliver appropriate, ethnically sensitive services which take adequate account of the circumstances of minority ethnic individuals and families remains a crucial challenge. When considering interventions delivered to West African looked after children by Social Services in the UK, the following should be considered; what are the reasons behind West African children becoming ‘looked after’ and are the interventions designed to support them effective? Guiding Research Questions    Research question 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the reasons a disproportionate number of children from West Africa are becoming looked after by Social Services in the UK? Research question 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With reference to existing models of parents, what is happening in the African communities that may contribute to this?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are any variations by gender evident, and if so, what might the reasons behind them? Research question 3 What are the effects of the interventions on the welfare of the looked after children from West Africa? Research question 4 Are such interventions moderated by the school environment? Benefits of the Research This research may be useful to a number of different stakeholders in education. From the literature review, the need for culturally sensitive research into social service interventions in school is evident. In the field of education, there has been a call for culturally sensitive interventions to help the school (senior leadership team, child protection officers, form tutors, mentors and teachers) better understand the needs of black children from West Africa and support them accordingly. Copies of the research may be used by the local council/government as a case study for further research into services provided and an opportunity to evaluate current practice and develop strategies to provide better services. The research may enable all stakeholders (social services, schools, government, and local services) to understand parents of West African origin, especially with regard to cultural beliefs, and develop strategies to work together with parents amicably on how to educate children . Finally, this research can give the government, social services, parents, and students an increased awareness of good practice and failings in the system Methods and Procedures My research is a small-scale study, focusing on looked after children from West Africa in Conisborough College. Conisborough College is a comprehensive school with a highly diverse intake. It is representative of the ethnic mix of the Lewisham borough, with a high intake of black pupils of West African origin. The sampling method chosen, which I believe is best suited for my small-scale study, is a non-probability method, such as a targeted sampling method. This method of sampling will ensure that the study is focused and well managed (Bell, 2005). The proposed study will be approached from an interpretivist, epistemological perspective conducted in three stages. Firstly, an extensive literature review, including national government reports and data, and local government (Lewisham Council) reports and data. This stage will also review social service reports and data on looked after children, reviews of at-risk children, child protection registers and analyses of online exam reports and school-tracking data. The second stage will focus on field research in the form of targeted semi-structured interviews which will be conducted at Conisborough College with learning mentors, child protection officers, school counsellors, form tutors, and head of years who support looked after children as well as two social workers and LEA child protection officers. In the broader community, pastor/community leaders of West African origin will be interviewed. The final stage of this study will collate and analyse all data and draw inferences from t he findings on future programmes in the school and community at large, in order to generate a number of   recommendations.. I intend to pilot the second stage of the study to determine what works and what does not. As an amateur researcher, I will follow the procedure established by Peat et al. (2002) which will give me advance warning as whether to proceed with the research, revise the research, or abandon this section of the research altogether. My research is small scale, so the pilot study will involve one student, one learning mentor, and one head of year. Following Peat et al.’s (2002: 123) process, I will: Provide participants with a Participant Information Form and consent form, taking care to explain the purpose and process of the research. Following this, I will identify and areas regarding ethical approval not already adequately covered in the research protocol. Complete the interview schedule with each pilot respondent. Following completion I will ask respondents for feedback regarding ambiguous, sensitive or difficult questions. Transcribe and review each pilot interview fully, discarding any unnecessary, difficult, repetitive or ambiguous questions. Reorder interview items if necessary to ensure a coherent and engaging schedule. Time both the conduct and transcription of the interviews to determine whether both tasks are reasonable given the timescale of the research. Once this pilot work has been completed, I can be confident that the interview schedule(s) are fir for the purpose of this study. References Barn, R. (2006) Research and Practice Briefings: Children and Families – Improving services to meet the needs of minority ethnic children and families, DfES, york.ac.uk/depts/spsw/mrc/documents/QPB13.pdf Bryan, A. (2009). The intersectionality of nationalism and multiculturalism in the Irish curriculum: Teaching against racism? Race ethnicity and education, 12(3), 297-317. Myers, P. (2009). Immigrants and ethnic minorities in the history of education. Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education, 46(6), 801 – 816. Peat, J., Mellis, C., Williams, K. and Xuan W. (2002), Health Science Research: A Handbook of Quantitative Methods, London: Sage.

Dubliners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dubliners - Essay Example Despite differences in all these stories, the reader finds that at a particular point all these stories are interlinked, though the link is never sequential. Each of these stories deals with lives of common people, their expectation from life, relations, and their dissatisfaction. In each of the stories, the author has dealt with different themes of life and conjointly Dubliners represent a complete cosmos of he contemporary life in Ireland. The themes of paralysis, entrapments and isolation have recurred in all these stories. Joyce, with the purpose of portraying the true picture of human lives and their plight, has focused over intricate details of the life of an individual as well as provided accurate details of the psychological condition of an individual. Equal focus over both these aspects provides a reader a sense of completion as he goes through the stories. Themes of paralysis, entrapments and isolation that Joyce has reflected through the characters and stories of Dubliners , is common in the lives of every individual, living in this society. While reading Dubliners, a reader identifies himself with the characters. At the same time he identifies his plight with plight of the character, living in a modern society. Henceforth, appeal of such themes become universal and this sense of universality is reflected in the best manner through the three stories that are main subjects of discussion in this thesis. If one attempts to find any kind of sequential connection among the stores of Dubliners that would be a futile attempt. Even from the perspective of aesthetic appeal these stories are quite different but in one sense all these stories are waved together that they deal with life of the capital of Ireland, Dublin. Joyce, through these stories, unveils various emotional perspectives of common residents of this city. These stories were written at such a point of time when Irish nationalism reached it point of culmination. A

Definitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Definitions - Essay Example While the generally accepted symptoms of autism are observable by 18 months of age characterized by inattention and undeveloped speech, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development added more behavioral symptoms that includes problems with eye contact, not responding to one’s name, joint attention problems, underdeveloped skills in pretend play and imitation, and problems with nonverbal communication and language. They also added that there are more subtle signs of autism that would begin at eight months of age. In the investigation of O'Hearn et al, it reported that autistic people process their world slower and with fewer elements. The study reported that autistic people have â€Å"slightly fewer elements, slower serial processes, and less sensitivity to parallel/holistic processes that mature into adulthood† and this â€Å"could undermine the representation of multiple elements in several ways† (14). Early intervention is crucial for the effect ive handling of autism. The earlier the detection and intervention, the more effective it will be. It has to be clarified however that there is still no known treatment for autism disorder. Intervention for autism includes â€Å"behavioral, social, and skill-building training† (Kuangparichat 81). There are also alternative schools that address autism such as charter or magnet schools, private academies to home schooling. In the research of Kuangparichat, it was also stressed the importance of this intervention particularly the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) among public schools as an important intervention tool for those who have autism. He stress that it is in fact a right of an autistic person to have an Individual Education Program because it is mandated by law where schools must have these kind of program for students who have autism to live a normal life (82). Autism is often misunderstood by society and people who have it are readily judged to be academically and s ocially inadequate. At the onset, this may appear to be true because autistic people have relatively slower cognitive skills and awkward social skills compared to a mainstream individual (Durand and Barlow 23). This assessment however is also inadequate because it failed to recognize that contribution to the general good of society is not only limited to the ability of being in a regular class or having the regular cognitive and motor skill but rather is measured on the final output of an individual less the liability that he or she may pose. Works Cited David H. Barlow,V. Mark Durand. â€Å"Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach 6th ed.† Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012. Kuangparichat, Malynn. â€Å"LEGAL RIGHTS OF YOUNG ADULTS WITH  AUTISM: TRANSITIONING INTO MAINSTREAM ADULTHOOD†..  Widener Law Review.  2010, Vol. 16 Issue 1, p175-196. O'Hearn, Kirsten Franconeri, Steven Wright, Catherine Minshew, Nancy Luna, Beatriz.; â€Å"The Development of Individu ation in  Autism†.   Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. (November 12,

The Public Accounting Firm Accounting Essay

The Public Accounting Firm Accounting Essay As an external auditor is required to be independent of the company when perform auditing services. If an auditor being to perform internal audit and management consulting services for the same company which they provided auditing services, there will have some issues arise. The issues included whether the auditor can be independent in mind and in appearance when providing such services. In US, there is prohibited the public accounting firm to provide non-audit services to an audit client. The arguments for the auditor should be allowed to perform these services for the same client is the auditor can work more efficiency by conduct both external and internal auditing services. They can reduce the time of work by eliminating overlapping work. Auditors will discover inefficiencies and other weaknesses while performing auditing service. When they discover such weaknesses, they can use the knowledge and expertise to provide the consulting services to management to improve such weaknesses. Besides that, by providing other services to same client, the company can save the time and money that would spend to obtain these services from another firm. The arguments for auditors should not be allowed to perform non-audit services for their audit client is they may not act independently in performing the external auditing services. The incentives of performing consulting and internal audit services will affect the judgment of the external audit. As we know internal audit services are best performed by the people who understand the culture and the operation of the company. Internal auditors are an important part of the corporate governance and should not be replaced by external auditor act as an internal auditor. A company will get more benefits from many different viewpoints. Therefore, company should obtain different entities to act as consultant and internal auditor to get multiple viewpoints. Explain how rules-based accounting standards differ from principles-based standards. How might fundamentally changing accounting standards from bright-line rules to principle-based standards help prevent another Enron-like fiasco in the future? Some argue that the trend toward adoption of international accounting standards represents a move toward more principles-based standards. Are there dangers in removing bright-line rules? What difficulties might be associated with such a change? Rules-based accounting standard are specific and detailed rules that must be followed when preparing companys financial statements. Principles-based standard is the general accepted accounting principles (GAAP) which used as a conceptual basis for accountants. It is general guidelines that describe the way classes of transactions should be reflected in general term. Principles-based may prevent another Enron issues by requiring accountants to make their professional judgments on the spirit of the law instead of just regarding technical compliance with the rules. In this case, for example, Enrons SPE, the manager may have succeeded in pressuring auditors to accept the deceptive financial reporting by pointing to the bright-line standard. However, the principles-based standard would require auditors to evaluate the situation of the company as a whole in order to determine whether the company did not have significant exposure in relation to the unconsolidated SPE. The dangers in removing the bright-line rule is in some situation will involve human judgment and discretion. Auditors may rationalize aggressive financial decisions. They will defend themselves when questioned by asseverate that the accounting standard did not prohibit their action. Enron and Andersen suffered severe consequences because of their perceived lack of integrity and damaged reputations. In fact, some people believe the fall of Enron occurred because of a form of run on the bank. Some argue that Andersen experienced a similar run on the bank as many top clients quickly dropped the firm in the wake of Enrons collapse. Is the run on the bank analogy valid for both firms? Why or why not? The run on the bank analogy is valid for both firms. Both of the firms are loss of confidence and credibility of investors and clients. Enron can avoid the bankruptcy if its customers willing to continue to use its services. The debt and obligations of the company are large but it also had large profit. The customers were not willing to use its services when Enron loss its credibility. Besides that, Andersen also can survive if Enron issue had been isolated. Andersen was a large and multinational firm. If it just loss of one client, Enron, it would not go to the end of the firm. However, once the Enron issue occurred, the clients of Andersen were loss of confidence in the firms credibility. As the result, many clients of Andersen had fired the firm as an external auditor of their company. Coopers Lybrand was sued under both federal statutory and state common law. The judge ruled that under Pennsylvania law the plaintiffs were not primary beneficiaries. Pennsylvania follows the legal precedent inherent in the Ultramares Case. (a) In jurisdictions following the Ultramares doctrine, under what conditions can auditors be held liable under common law to third parties who are not primary beneficiaries? (b) How do jurisdictions that follow the legal precedent inherent in the Rusch Factors case differ from jurisdictions following Ultramares? According to Ultramares cases, only the third parties who are primary beneficiaries can sue for ordinary negligence successfully. However, the third party who did not primary beneficiaries and did not have privity of contract also can successfully sue for gross negligence, recklessness and fraud. In this case, the creditors of Phar-Mor were not considered as primary beneficiaries. Therefore the creditors of Phar-Mor were needed to prove there had recklessness or fraud. Besides that, U.S. federal securities laws had required that recklessness needed be prove by a preponderance of the evidence, the Pennsylvania state common law had required prove by a clear and persuasive standard. According to Rusch Factors case, it had been broadened the Ultramares doctrine by allowed recovery by third party who are considered as foreseen users. A foreseen user is the limited class of users who the auditors were aware the user has the intention to rely on the financial statements. For example, the bank who lend loan to company will be a foreseen user. Coopers was also sued under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The burden of proof is not the same under the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934. Identify the important differences and discuss the primary objective behind the differences in the laws (1933 and 1934) as they relate to auditor liability? For the case under the Securities Acts of 1933, the plaintiff have to prove that the audited financial statements were consisted material misstatement which caused the plaintiff suffered a loss. If the auditor faces an unusual burden of proof, auditor must demonstrate as a defense. The defenses are about the auditor had been conducted an adequate audit and the loss of plaintiff was caused by another reasons which other than the misleading financial statements. Under Securities Acts of 1934, the plaintiff must prove the reliance on financial statements where the financial statement consist material misstatement which caused in a loss. The Securities Acts 1933 had exposes the auditor to more litigation risk than the Securities Acts 1934. This change is to protect the buyers of new securities. In this case, even though neither Phar-Mors management, the plaintiffs attorneys, nor anyone else who associated with the case ever alleged the auditors knowingly participated in the fraud, a jury had found that Cooper liable under fraud claim. The important key of this fraud charge is the plaintiffs had been alleged that Cooper made representations which recklessly without regard to whether they were true or false. This had enabled plaintiffs to sue the auditors in term of fraud.

Anytime Fitness and the Jetts Essay

As the living quality has been continuously improved in recent years,together with the widely spread sense of keeping fit,fitness clubs are becoming more and more popular in Australia.Among all those fitness companies,the Anytime Fitness and the Jetts are the most rapidly growing ones ,which both offer the 24/7 access to all clubs they own. I’ll compare the model of these two company using SWOT analysis. Company overview According to the Anytime Fitness AU(2014),Anytime Fitness is a fitness club which started in Minneapolis,USA in 2000.The 2115 clubs around the world make it the biggest fitness chain in the world.In year 2008,Justin McDonell and Jacinta McDonell-Jimenez open the first Anytime Fitness club in Australia.The next 6 years witnesses the rapid expansion of the Anytime Fitness with 344 clubs. On the contrary,as can be seen from the website Jetts Fitness Australia(2014),the Jetts is a local fitness company which started in 2007 in the Gold Coast by the couple Brendon and Cristy Levenson.Soon,the expansion to the whole country and the New Zealand makes the Jetts a fitness company with over 200 clubs. SWOT analysis Anytime Fitness Strengths Weaknesses 1. Leadership in the global market gives the company the advantage of its brand name and supply chain(Anytime Fitness AU 2014) . 2. Having the most clubs in Australia allows most Australians to come to the club within 10 minutes(Anytime Fitness AU 2014) . 3. Investment from the US capital market is available.For example,the capital injection from the Roark Capital Group would help expediting the growth(Roark Capital Group 2014).Also, the company had partnerships with THL Credit Opportunities,L.P. and the Partnership Capital Growth so as to achieve a recapitalization in 2010 (PCGA.Transaction Announcement 2010). 4. An online medical center called Anytime Health is offered ,which can bring health information to the customers. 5. The business model which is convenient for franchiser as flexibility and profit can be got at the same time helps the rapid expansion of the company (Anytime Fitness AU 2014) .The 2014 Top Franchise from Entrepreneur’s Franchise 500 List(2014) claims that the company gets NO.1 in this list. 6. The company has comparatively low price with acceptable environment and 24/7 access . 7. Private restroom and bath room can give people more privacy. 1. Low culture consistence do the clubs have, due to the distance from the US.For example,the price of each club in Australia is different(Anytime Fitness AU 2014) . 2. Lock-in contract makes customs uncomfortable. 3. Bad fame of one club such as low quality of customer service and cleanliness may influence other clubs although the franchisers are different. 4. No staff during nights may cause security concern (Anytime Fitness AU 2014) . 5. Facilities are lacked during peak times. Opportunities Threats 1. The 12 million overweight people in Australia according to the Overweigh and Obesity(AIHW)(2013)are the potential customs. 2. More sessions and classes can be offered. 3. Introduce new facilities to the clubs may provide differentiation from the Jetts. 4.The company should promote more about the facilities and services. 1. Competitions from Jetts and other fitness clubs are growing. Jetts Strengths weaknesses 1. The Jetts has enough clubs to serve most Australians.Meanwhile, with the projected 250 clubs,80% of Australian can go to Jetts within 8 minutes(Sunshine Coast Daily 2010). 2. It’s a domestic fitness company,which means that it can provide a suitable environment for local people. Also,the staff can get more education and feedbacks from the headquarter so the company culture will be consistent. 3. No contract rule which gives the customers freedom of choice makes them comfortable(Sunshine Coast Daily 2010). 4.The price is quite low as people only need to pay $11.95 per week and are free to stop at any stage.But people can still get 24/7 access and ‘clean, convenient workout facilities providing the equipment that members use on a regular basis’(Tilbury, Alex 2011). 5.The Jetts has an experienced team to help new clubs get started (Davies,Adam 2012).It helps the growing of the Jetts together with the efficient franchiser system. 6.The Jessts has a good fame of high customer satisfactory.It got No.1 in the Canstar Blue Most Satisfied Customer Award in Australia in 2012 and 2013 (Jetts Fitness Australia 2014). 1.The clubs lack advanced equipments due to the low price strategy. 2. No staff during nights may cause security concern(Jetts Fitness Australia 2014). 3.Facilities are lacked during peak times. Opportunities Threats 1. The percentage of overweight people in Australia is high. 2. The oversea market is still waiting to be exploited. 3.The Jetts should promote more about its low price and simplicity. 1.Competitions from Anytime Fitness and other fitness clubs are growing. Conclusion In summary,although the Anytime Fitness has advantages in many aspects,I still consider the model of the Jetts is better as it makes customers feel satisfied,which is much more important than other elements in this customer-oriented age. Reference List Anytime Australia Pty Ltd 2014,Anytime Fitness AU,viewed 19 March 2014, Jetts 2014,Jetts Fitness Australia,Brisbane,viewed 18 March 2014, Roark Capital Group 2014,Anytime Fitness Receives Investment from Roark Capital Group,media release,3 March ,viewed 22 March 2014, PCGA.Transaction Announcement 2010,Partnership Capital Growth,viewed 22 March 2014, 2014 Top Franchise from Entrepreneur’s Franchise 500 List 2014,Entrepreneur Media, Inc.,viewed 22 March 2014, Overweigh and Obesity(AIHW) 2013,Australia Institution of Health and Welfare,viewed 22 March 2014, Sunshine Coast Daily 2010,‘Jetts Fitness blasting off: movers & shakersBrendon Levenson’,Sunshine Coast Daily ,5 October 2010,viewed 22 March 2014 Davies,Adam 2012,‘Jetts on a winner with new club’,The Chronicle,27 May,viewed 22 March 2014 Tilbury, Alex 2011,‘Jetts wins fight with the giants’ï ¼Å'The Courier – Mailï ¼Å'4 Juneï ¼Å'viewed 22 March 2014,

The Evolution of Developmental Psychology

The Evolution of Developmental Psychology Jennifer Haag Walden’s University Lifespan Development September 9, 2012 Over the course of history, many scholars and researchers have discovered the evolution of developmental psychology. However, there are certain people throughout the course of history who have made more significant process in shedding light on developmental psychology as it is known today. The three best known theorists that helped people understand, or at least consider psychology, were Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget.These three men were able to develop and test theories that formed the modern idea of psychology. Without the vital research and theories, one might never have understood the inner workings of the mind and how nurturance, nature, and other factors affect a personality over time. Using research methods such as observation, correlational design, and several other methods, researchers are able to put together a bigger picture of developmen tal psychology. With research comes responsibility; a responsibility to protect the rights of those who are researched.Therefore, there is an ethics policy designed by the federal government that researchers are not supposed to violate. Psychology is an ever evolving unit and is something that will always change as life goes on. Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget are some of the best known psychological researchers ever known. Freud contributed several theories and had many followers of his teachings. One of his theories is the psychosexual theory. This theory emphasizes how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years are crucial for healthy personality development (Berk, 2010).Even though the theory may be somewhat controversial, it is one that contributes to the evolutional development theory by suggesting that something that happens in childhood helps to form the adult. Erikson believed that there were significant psychologica l changes with each stage. His psychosocial theory emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands; the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills at each stage that make the individual an active, contributing member of society (Berk, 0210).With this theory, a person develops based on needs and the ability to control one’s self. Erikson was the believer in stages unlike Freud who believed that a single event in a child’s life would have such a big impact on adulthood. He introduced the time line of development from birth to late adulthood showing how the person changes with maturity. Adding to both of these theories is Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theory which explains that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world (Berk, 2010).This theory extends into adulthood as well. People learn new things everyday by manipulating things around them. Therefo re, if a child learns to manipulate things at a young age, they are capable of continuous learning or an ever evolving development of the mind. These three men helped shape the concept of psychology and helped researchers understand it better today by testing their theories over and over again. Research is the basis for any theory. Without research, there would be no foundation for anything.Therefore, studies must be conducted, people must be observed, interviews must be done, and information gathered. It has been known for some time that people are all different; the way they think, the way they react to different stimuli, and the way they interact with others. It is known that experiences and influences have quite a significant impact on a person’s psych. However, this would not have been known without the hours of laborious research conducted through studying people under different circumstances. One research method is observation.Observations can be done in many different ways. One is through correlational design. This is where researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants; characteristics and their behavior or development (Berk, 2010). This type of observation is the most natural and non-evasive way of conducting research and one of the best ways to get pure information. Using an evasive form of research can be useful as well, however.Interviews can help researchers in a big way by getting information straight from the subject without trying to guess what the person is thinking or what the person might do when faced with a situation. There are different ways to conduct interviews such as clinical interviews where a person takes part in an open conversation or structured interviews where a person takes a questionnaire, test, or simply answers a few questions. There are many ways to conduct research but there is just one thing; people must be respected and treated fairly when doing so which leads to ethics.Thus, the federal government came up with ethics codes to protect those being studied. There are certain rights a person has when being studied or evaluated for any type of mental health research. The rights of research participants include: protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, and beneficial treatments. Protection from harm is the right to be protected from physical or psychological harm. Informed consent means that all participants or guardians of participants must sign their permission for the research to continue.Privacy means that information regarding them personally, identity, cannot be shared with outside parties. Knowledge of results means that those participating in the research have a right to know the outcome of that research and beneficial treatments is if experimental treatments believed to be beneficial are under investigation; participants in contr ol groups have the right to alternative beneficial treatments if they are available (Beck, 2010). Without these rights in place, people would not have any say in what was done to them or how the research was collected.People would, in essence, be nothing better than cattle told what to do in the name of research. Over all, research is necessary to help discover all the possibilities there are regarding psychological development. Researchers and theorists like Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget helped shed light on the evolution of psychology and how it is ever changing. Researching and gathering information is the only way to continually develop theories and test possibilities regarding mental health.In doing this, it is imperative to remember that those who are researched and observed have rights that need to be respected meaning an ethics code must be followed. Psychology, although centuries old, is still an enigma to be discovered with constantly evolving aspects that r esearchers may never fully understand. Reference: Berk, L. E. ,(2010). Development Through the Lifespan. (5th ed. ). Pearson Education, Inc. , Allyn &Bacon, 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston MA 02116

The Writings of Sigmund Freud Essay example - 2129 Words

The Writings of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud remains a figure whose influence it is hard to over-state. While many of his ideas in the field of depth psychology, a field he largely created, have been compromised and challenged over the course of the 20th century his influence remains palpable. We continue to use terms that Freud originated almost unthinkingly - concepts of frustration, aggression, guilt, anxiety, projection, defence mechanisms and the unconscious remain dominant. Few of Freud’s writings touch on matters of direct interest to international relations but those that do have not only provided compelling arguments on the origins of war, society and violence but continue to be of†¦show more content†¦He recognised the conflict between the freedom of the individual and the order imposed by society. The emergence of civilisation is dependent on the repression of our instinctual drives. Like religion, society institutionalises systems of rules which affect us from our youngest days and imbue us with a counter-instinctual sense of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’. The denial of our urges leads to the accumulation of aim-inhibited libinal energy which provides the necessary potency to bind individuals together in a social group and counter-acts their violent desires. What is important for Freud is that the drive to aggressiveness is as natural and immutable in human nature as the sex drive. He observed that individuals can, and do, derive satisfaction from violent action when circumstances conspire to remove social restrictions*. The internalisation of aggression produces guilt and discontent which can only be mitigated by directing aggression outwards against another as violence. He writes that for individuals â€Å"their neighbour is†¦not only a potential helper or sexual object, but also someone who tempts them to satisfy their aggressiveness on him, to exploit his capacity to work without compensation, to use him sexually without his co nsent, to seize his possessions, to humiliate him†¦.to torture and kill him†[1]. Man is wolf to man. Civilisation then, if it is toShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Life Of Psychology And Psychoanalysis1330 Words   |  6 Pagesonly if is related to psychoanalysis said Sigmund Freud, a pioneer in the world of psychology and psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud - Life and Work.). Freud had a passion for the mind. Not just the mind of the average man but also the minds of the sick and tortured souls. He built his life around knowledge and manipulation of others minds to give them peace and reach understanding. 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